Figuring Out Fluency

Fluency is not an activity we do...

If you teach in Australia you are a little more than half way through the first term of 2022.  You’ve gotten to know your students and have identified their strengths and weakness in reading.  For some children you will have noticed that they can ‘read’ but they are lacking fluency.  

The first thing to note is that fluency is not an activity we do or a specific skill to develop, it’s the product of great reading instruction across a range of areas.  However, a quick search online for fluency activities may well lead you suggestions such as “Use silly voices when reading” or “Have a reading competition (with yourself)”, neither of which I think are very useful. 

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We also need to know that fluency isn't just about rate. The three areas of fluency that we need to understand are: 

Accuracy (how correct you when reading)

Rate (how fast you read)

Prosody (expression and phrasing)

To understand how to help students with fluency challenges, it’s important to understand what the root cause of the fluency breakdown is. When a child has struggled in this area in the past, our response has typically been repeated reading. Now repeated reading has been shown to be effective. See the recommendation from the National Reading Panel report below (NHCD, 2000). Note the inclusion of ‘with feedback and guidance’. It’s not just about silent reading in the classroom.

But repeated reading by itself is not sufficient to really get to the heart of the fluency breakdown for our students. To do that, it is useful to go through the following list of questions and identify where the wheels have fallen off for your student.  With all of the questions below, consider whether these skills are automatic and effortless.

  • Does the student have the phoneme grapheme correspondence of the code you are asking them to read with?
  • Can the student blend single syllable words accurately and with automaticity?
  • Can the student blend compound words?
  • Can the student read multisyllable words (human, baking, worry)?
  • Does the student understand the changes that arise in spelling from adding suffixes to words. For example, do they know that when adding the vowel suffix ‘ing’ to the word ‘bake’ you drop the e and then add the suffix? Some students will just ‘pick this up’ but many require systematic and explicit study in this before being able to tackle these words in text.
  • Has the student been encouraged to guess words in the past? Is it a case of paying attention all through the word?
  • Is the student trying to rush and be ‘fast’. (Remind them that first we are accurate, then we are fast.)
  • What level of word complexity is the student struggling with? Single syllable, multisyllable, loan words from other languages and what exact instruction do they require to be automatic in reading these words?
  • What level of sentence is the student struggling with? (Simple, compound, complex)
  • Does the student have the words in their spoken vocabulary? (This is actually really important)
  • Does the student properly attend to punctuation?


Practices that promote reading fluency

Once you have discovered the cause of your students’ fluency challenges, you need a solid plan for how you are going to tackle it. If you have discovered that your students are struggling to read long, complex sentences, you need to provide explicit instruction in how to understand and read these. If you have assessed your students phonics only to discover significant gaps in phonics knowledge, this needs to be addressed.

Here is a list general practices to promote fluency.

  • Ensuring strong word level reading through our phonics lesson and the inclusion of both blending and segmenting daily.
  • Promote language learning through explicit vocabulary instruction and the creation of a language rich environment. After all, students will read words more fluently if they already have them in their spoken vocabulary. This is also critical for students to be able to take advantage of ‘self-teaching’.
  • Providing appropriate, explicit morphology instruction from the Foundation year. This teaching can be simply embedded inside phonics lessons to start and then deepened further in year one and two.
  • Ensure that you are aware of your students’ reading needs and goals so that you can make them aware of what they need to do to improve their reading. Specific and effective feedback is required to help them know when they are on the right track and when they need to adjust.
  • Model appropriate prosody through oral reading daily and make students aware of the role of punctuation.

Remember, students need to have reading fluency at grapheme, word and sentence level in order to read well at text level. Before going down the silly voice road, examine all of these factors so that you can pinpoint exactly what areas you need to help your students develop. 

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10 comments

Kerri
 

I really like using prosody to promote reading with expression which incorporates punctuation nicely. It makes for a fun lesson where the students can use 'voices' for the characters, where they can change their voice to show emotion (anger, excitement etc) with the appropriate punctuation to give them the 'clues' to how it needs to be read. We have a lot of fun and laughs with these lessons.

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Bronwyn Custance
 

I think you've captured the effective use of voices - not 'silly voices', but 'changing' and using our voices to express layers of meaning, eg emotion, whether we are making a command or asking a question - and to reflect details of a character such as 'age/gender', mean or kind etc.

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Debbie Draper
 

Thanks for this post Jocelyn. Well thought out and clear as usual. I love the emphasis on morphology from the start too. 

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Heather Kershaw
 

Thank you Jocelyn this was very informative.

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Kelly
 

What about fluency at phrase level? I’m starting to see resources pop up that measure how many simple phrases a child can read in a minute. They’re usually short 3-4 word phrases. I can see a purpose for a few students who struggle to make the jump from words to short sentences, but on the whole I can’t see too many students needing this. I’ve only just started to notice these but they could have been around for a while! 

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Maureen Pollard
 

An excellent explanation of the complexity of fluency. Thank you Jocelyn 

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Kaylene Turner
 

Thanks Jocelyn for considering all the angles that lead to reading fluency. I’ll share your fantastic blog post with my colleagues. 

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Michelle Norton
 

Another very helpful post Jocelyn that puts fluency in context of all the reading skills, along with practical tips for teachers about what to do.

Thank you!

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Frank
 

I would add in explicit grammar and syntax instruction is critical for kids who have more of an oral language issue than a decoding issue. You will often notice that these kids decode okay, but their reading is still problematic and this area can help a lot.

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Nailed it
 

Great article Jocelyn - it’s the questions to ask yourself about the student before just ‘setting a task’ for them. Knowing our students is the key.

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